Future studies, including well-conducted clinical trials using whole apple preparations and juice, are clearly warranted. Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the Example 3.4. Current guidelines recommend daily consumption of foods that are a good source of dietary fiber and low in energy density to promote healthy weight maintenance or weight loss. A different study, using rats injected with the chemical carcinogen azoxymethane, known to cause a range of morphological changes including carcinoma, found protective effects of an extract of apple procyanidins provided to the animals in their drinking water for 6 wk (19). It was also found that the effect of apple procyanidins on apoptosis was enhanced by a known compound that inactivates polyamine oxidase, leading the authors to conclude that apple procyanidins might be considered as a chemopreventive agent for colon cancer by these mechanisms. In a study of SW620, adenocarcinoma-derived metastatic cells of colon cancer, the goal was to determine whether polymeric apple phenols compared to monomeric forms were more effective in attenuating cell proliferation (19). (44) suggested that their use of total oxidant scavenging activity would be an effective test against 3 physiologically relevant ROS in realistic conditions. As summarized by Boyer and Liu (1), early reports showed an inverse association between AP and AP-flavonoid intake and coronary mortality. Hydrogen sulphide saturated. A study conducted in Turkey included 15 elderly participants (mean age 72 y; 8 female, 7 male) who ate fresh apples at a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 1 mo (36). (PDF) Chemical Composition of the Fruits of Several Apple Cultivars Studies are presented below, grouped by disease states and/or disease processes when applicable. It is also called ferulate, propenoic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and more. Exploring the chemical composition and coloring qualities of cacao Unprocessed pomace containing 61% of dietary fiber (DF) and 0.23% of polyphenols (PP) and ethanol- or ethanol/acetone-extracted pomaces containing 66% DF and 0.10% PP and 67% DF and 0.01% PP, respectively, were subjected to a 4 week study in rats. >15% of a large apple) was associated with a 10% risk reduction. Several ranking studies have been completed and the pros and cons of chemical methods used to assess in vitro antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables have been debated and will not be reviewed here. The nitrogen content varied from 43.2 to 171.4 mg N/L. PDF chemical composition of apples Remote Sensing | Free Full-Text | Quantitative Assessment of Apple As summarized below, recent studies demonstrate the potential of AP to mitigate many metabolic processes associated with the etiology of cancer at various stages. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Animal feeding and in vitro studies have shown the potential of AP in breast cancer reduction. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Biochemistry - Wikipedia Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. Apple Waste: A Sustainable Source of Carbon Materials and Valuable Among the enzymes of interest in intestinal tissues is cytochrome P450 1A1, an enzyme known to activate chemical carcinogens. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the apple extract increased the number of apoptotic cells and also appeared to interfere with the cell cycle. An effect of AP on NF-B activity was observed in another cell line in a recent study by Davis et al. There are current data suggesting that AP might be linked to reduced risk of several forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. II. Significant risk reduction was observed in cancer at several sites (percent reduction in parentheses), including oral cavity and pharynx (18%), esophagus (22%), colorectal (30%), larynx (41%), breast (24%), ovary (24%), and prostate (7%). The protective effect of AP was not associated with any of these, leading the authors to speculate that other unrecognized compounds, including catechins, may have accounted for the link. Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. Recent investigations have added to the earlier work as well as identified potential new health benefits of AP consumption. Diagnosed asthma, on the basis of self-reported data using validated questionnaires, was present in 3.1% of the cohort. There is convincing evidence that diets high in fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced cancer in the lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and colon (13). AP consumption was also linked to beneficial effects on pulmonary function in healthy participants and those with diagnosed pulmonary disorders (1). Every triterpenoid significantly suppressed cancer cell proliferation; some were highly potent and reduced cell growth by 50% at relatively low concentrations (~1017 mol/L). 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition An estimated 10 million Americans over age 50 y have osteoporosis and another 34 million are at risk (71). Study of physico-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple One of the most common pesticides used on apples after harvest is diphenylamine, used to prevent apple scald or browning of the skin that can occur during storage. The results showed that apple juice was a fairly effective antioxidant compared to other juices against some ROS (peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals) but less effective against peroxynitrite. However, detailed analysis of the nutrient content and antioxidant properties of the seeds and pulp has not yet been reported. AP might be protective because of their antioxidant potential and phytochemical content. All of the isolated compounds, including newly characterized triterpenes, had antioxidant activity at various levels. Chemical composition of apple juice concentrate The grade is characterized by: Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids. New data have suggested a possible link between AP consumption and reduced risk of diabetes. Apples are generally thought of as being a good source of fiber. 63. AP may also have beneficial effects on outcomes related to Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, and gastrointestinal protection from drug injury. The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript. Although the SCFA were not correlated with inhibition of growth in this study, it is known that SCFA can stimulate pathways of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. After 80 d of treatment, it was found that phloridzin intake improved femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). The range of the isolated compounds with demonstrated activity was comparable to levels observed in human plasma in feeding trials. There was no statistical association between reduced asthma or asthma severity and any of the flavonoids examined, inferring that compounds other than those studied must be attributed to the observed reduction in risk of asthma. An extensive analysis of phytochemical metabolites in apple was reported by Cefarelli et al. Physical and chemical properties of apple juice and apple juice There has been an increasing appreciation and understanding of the link between dietary fruit and vegetable intake and improved health in humans. A crossover study of ex vivo data examined the effect of a bolus of apple (600 g of homogenized unpeeled apples) in a small group of young healthy males in Italy (n = 6) (38). A new report using data from the French branch of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition trial provided evidence of a link between apple intake and reduced asthma prevalence in a sample of 68,535 adult women, mostly teachers, enrolled in a national health insurance plan (52). In addition, apple intake was associated with reduction in SOD elevation in the hippocampus of aged rats, suggesting that apples provide antioxidant protection that mitigates the predicted compensatory elevation of enzymes associated with aging. This group developed a standardized mouse model of neurodegeneration in which aged mice exhibit impaired cognitive performance and increased oxidative parameters in brain tissue when subjected to a prooxidant diet (deficient in vitamin E and folate; high in iron). Apple juice concentrate may work by other mechanisms, including the ability to suppress overexpression of presenilin-1, which is linked to the production of amyloid peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (63, 64). One recent investigation focused on isolating and identifying bioactive compounds in apple peel associated with antiproliferative activity (32). In vitro work in cultured human intestinal cells suggested that AP may directly alter lipid absorption and metabolism (49). (27) treated rats with a carcinogenic agent (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) to induce mammary tumors and then fed extracts of whole apples by gavage to the animals. Incubating SW620 cells with an apple extract selected for procyanidins (mainly polymeric molecules) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. One widely studied mechanism related to cancer is oxidation. Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). Caco-2/TC7 cells were exposed to apple extract, including a polyphenolic concentration equivalent to the consumption of 3 apples/d. Cancer chemopreventive potential of apples, apple juice, and apple components, Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of new and old apple varieties, Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources in U.S. adults, Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruits and vegetables in the American diet, Flavonol and flavone intakes in US health professionals, Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen Elderly Study, Apple polyphenols and products formed in the gut differently inhibit survival of human cell lines derived from colon adenoma (LT97) and carcinoma (HT29), Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. The apple extract significantly inhibited cell proliferation and downregulated cell cycle protein expression. The chemical composition of apples and cider. Typically, the greater values in the ranges shown for juices reflect the higher concentration of polyphenols in fresh juice prepared from cider apples and commercial preparations of cloudy juice compared to lower quantities in fresh juice made with dessert apple varieties or commercial juices that are clear. In a follow-up study, the above investigators developed reconstituted mixtures including 5 major apple-derived compounds to determine the relative antioxidant contribution of selected polyphenolics (20). A hospital-based, case-control study published in 2005 included over 6000 participants from various regions in Italy and examined the association between fresh apple intake and risk of cancer (14). A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. Early research described an inverse association between AP consumption and asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including bronchitis and emphysema, as well as a general benefit to ventilatory function in healthy individuals as reviewed in (1). (17) used a well-established rat model of chemically induced colonic damage (using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine) to examine alterations associated with colon cancer and to test the effects of AP. 2.1 Chemical Composition of Apple and Apple Waste. There was a 50% inhibition at a concentration of 45 g/mL and total inhibition at 70 g/mL. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits - PMC Chemical composition of apple Oxidative damage appears to be an initiating factor in several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, due to disruptions in DNA, protein, lipids, and other cellular components by ROS. (23) recently reported that PKC activity was reduced by 50% in HT29 cells after 24-h exposure to apple extracts at a relatively high concentration (403 g/mL). This study focused on a single concentration of one isolated compound; an expansion of work with this model using a wider range of concentrations and varied phytochemicals would be of interest. Although this effect was less robust after adjustment for intake of other fruits and vegetables, the association remained. There is growing evidence that dietary variables may be related to cognitive decline in normal aging and also influence the risk and course of neurodegenerative diseases of aging. The addition of apples as part of an average daily caloric intake of 2401 389 kcal resulted in a significant weight loss of 1.32 kg after 10 wk. After apple consumption, FRAP increased significantly by 12% at 1 h and plasma levels of ascorbate and urate also increased. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. However, when these mice received apple juice concentrate diluted in drinking water (0.5%) for 1 mo (equivalent to human consumption of 23 eight-ounce glasses of apple juice/d), there was a significant improvement in cognitive-related performance and reduced prooxidative status compared to controls (59). The physical and chemical characteristics determined were, fruit length and diameter, single fruit weight, juice percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity. Poultry Consumption and Human Health: How Much Is Really Known? Kern et al. Antioxidant activity, including the scavenging of free radicals, is thought to reduce cell proliferation and induce detoxification enzymes and apoptosis. 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties - Chemistry 2e | OpenStax PDF Chemical Composition, Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity It was found that consuming one or more medium-sized apples (166 g)/d was associated with a reduction in risk of cancer compared to consumption of <1 apple/d.
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